This paper contains records and/or descriptions of twelve species of the Callichthyid catfish genus Corydoras Lacepède, 1803, including two new species, from Colombian rivers, Rio Amazonas excluded: Corydoras trilineatus Cope, 1872, C. delphax n. sp., C. leucomelas Eigenmann & Allen, 1942, C. aeneus (Gill, 1858), C. melanotaenia Regan, 1912, C. metae Eigenmann, 1914, C. melini Lönnberg & Rendahl, 1930, C. reynoldsi Myers & Weitzman, 1960, C. axelrodi Rössel, 1962, C. loxozonus n. sp., C. elegans Steindachner, 1877, and C. simulatus Weitzman & Nijssen, 1970. The relationships of the new species with other species of Corydoras are discussed. A key to the species is provided. A Colombian representative of each species is illustrated.